Divergency of Falsehood

#Critical Review 3

Divergency of Falsehood

INTRODUCTION:

Challenger of world. Radical. Instigator. Those characters are rised by Zinn in his life and his book. This is evidence in the article entitled, “Speaking Truth to Power with Books”. He says that, “I will start by introducing the most crucial issue of all with regard to writing”. This is his way to change the world and also he believes about the importance of books simply by his own experience. Besides that, the long trajectory between writing and changing consciousness, between writing and activism and then affecting public policy, can be tortuous and complicated. But this does not mean we should desist from writing. So, if a book changes somebody’s life by changing somebody’s consciousness, it is going to have an effect on the world, in one way or the other, sooner or later, in ways that you probably cannot trace. Books operate in many ways to change people’s consciousness. It is world of instigator was awful as long as history.

From the statement, if associated with literacy rate so it can be seen that the influence reading felt on the quality intellectual one. In this case, Howard Zinn's intellectual life, and literacy contributed because he considered the writing can affect himself.

Activity of reading and writing is one unified whole that cannot be separated. Like balance pot that showcased into the glass, then balance there means reading a writer. The influence of reading interest quality of the writing is very tightly. The paper quality products that are born by a writer is the result process he read the papers the high-quality. From this point, Howard Zinn raises opinion in his article about Colombus inventor American continent. While, if associated with history, according to him, “History is important. If you don't know history it is as if you were born yesterday. And if you were born yesterday, anybody up there in a position of power can tell you anything, and you have no way of checking up on it.”

In his opinion on Colombus, he did not agree that Colombus is the American continent. He even said that Colombus as a murderer, a torturer, a kidnapper, a mutilator of native people, a hypocrite, a greedy man looking for gold, willing to kill people and mutilate people- it was shocking. Milan Kundera comments(in L'Artduroman,1986):`to write ,means for the poet to crush the wall behind which something that ``was always there'' hides. In this respect, the task of the poet is not different from the work of history, which also discovers rather than invents'. History, like poets, uncovers, in ever new situations, the human possibilities here to fore hidden. Whatever their nature and denomination, those `truths' are not this `something hidden' which herpetic called to uncover; they are, rather, parts of the wall which the poet's mission is to crush. Spokesmen for the obvious, self-evident and `what we all believe, don't we are false poets, says Kundera.

In this view that if associated with the ideology, then we can see that the purpose Howard Zinn talks about the American continent so that the whole world know that Colombus is not a inventor, with the article was he was sure that this is the way to influence readers and through this article has a strong effect to readers. He said that the book also believes that he wrote it is important as it was in accordance with his experience. He has a mission that strong for readers to influence him. According to Fowler (1991, p. 71), and Fairclough (1995b, p. 25), whereas the ideational function refers to the experience of the speakers of the world and its phenomena, the interpersonal function embodies the insertion of speakers' own attitudes and evaluations about the phenomena in question, and establishing a relationship between speakers and listeners. Instrumental to these two functions is the textual function. It is through the textual function of language that speakers are able to produce texts that are understood by listeners. It is an enabling function connecting discourse to the co-text and context in which it occurs.

SUMMARY:

So, the relationship between literacy history and ideology, it is obvious that the three relationship is very important elements in history. History without the writers and readers there will not be a history, while ideology is as goals that inventory when writing the history, when there is no ideology, this can be said to have "spurious" and only a fabricated story and to all over the world know and admitted that history is written is true in accordance with experience itself. Such as, For example Colombus, he was known as the inventor American continent but many experts historians who did not agree on this matter is one of them Howard Zinn.

CRITIQUE:

 This is the most crucial in Zinn’s article, a book changed of someone’s life. So, I think books can do that. And if a book changes somebody’s life by changing somebody’s consciousness, it is going to have an effect on the world, in one way or the other, sooner or later, in ways that you probably cannot trace. Many arguments that a book can change somebody’s consciousness in Zinn article’s, namely :

First, they can introduce an idea that the reader never thought of before. This has happened to many of us. This has happened to many of us. It is an insight that you can get from a book even if it is only hinted at. It may just be implied in a story, yet it has that powerful effect. It mean that book as communication between writer and reader. Because, it can to rise meaning of text it called semogenesis. Semogenesis the creation of meaning, has been promoted by Halliday & Matthiessen (1999) as a ‘guiding principle’ in their presentation of a systemic functional theory of language – that language has within itself the resources by which people can create new meanings. Halliday & Matthiessen illustrated three processes of semogenesis and used an example of English intonation to illustrate one of the processes, deconstruction.

Second, here is another idea that may occur to people, perhaps after reading a book, especially if they are reading unorthodox history. It may strike you that we do not all have the same interests. This is not an easy thing to come by because we are all confronted with language that presumes a common interest for everyone in the nation. This is proof that Howard Zinn has “cruel think” until all of people comment for this problem about Colombus, he say in his article: I will say something about Christopher Columbus. When my book, A People’s History of the United States came out, I began to get mail from around the country. I found that most of the mail dealt with the first chapter of the book, which of course made me very suspicious! I refused to accept or believe that people only read the first chapter. Instead, I came to the conclusion that all the mail about the first chapter was because it was upsetting to those brought up in the United States who taught about Columbus the hero, Columbus the great discoverer, Columbus the pious Bible reader. To read about Columbus as a murderer, a torturer, a kidnapper, a mutilator of native people, a hypocrite, a greedy man looking for gold, willing to kill people and mutilate people – it was shocking. At one point, I received a letter from a teacher in California, saying, “You know, you got me in trouble. A student brought your book home, her mother read the first chapter or maybe the first five pages of the first chapter, and said, ‘I’m going to talk to the school committee. I think your teacher is a communist!’ so, with book many people can influenced of think them.

Third, when the first time I read Dickens’s Hard Times I was just a kid and only understood it on a superficial level. Later I read it again, and was struck by the character of the schoolmaster Gradgrind who advises a young teacher, “Remember, just give them facts, nothing but facts.” I pondered this advice about “facts, nothing but facts,” and came to the insight that there are no such things as pure facts unadorned by judgment. That is, as soon as facts are presented, as soon as facts are put out in the world (you put them out in the world or somebody else puts them out to you), they represent a judgment.

Fourth, there is still another way in which books can have a powerful effect. Very often, people believe they know something when they really do not.

Fifth, there is still another way that books and writing have an effect, and that is through the literature of absurdity.

A final word. There is something important that writing can do, aside from all the other things. This was put into words by Kurt Vonnegut, who was often asked, “Why do you write?” Vonnegut would reply, “I write so you would know there are people who feel the way you do about the world, that you are not alone.” That is an enormously important thing to accomplish, to have people feel that they are not alone. And it does something for you too, the writer.

Speaking Truth to Power with Books written by Howard Zinn is one of the many books that can affect this mindset man. Zinn clearly provides examples of how a person may be affected, make understanding of the new, feel what others feel and more, they are recorded in paper cuts that quality submissions in which contains thousands information and knowledge that is called as a book. From literature works (books) also readers know the truth the facts about the history, especially those who are exposed by Zinn about Columbus an inventor. Zinn also wrote a book affected how readers, and what was then readers to do, and about what others did, and what is the relation with the others to do, then what is the connection with the world. It started from literature works-books. Howard Zinn is a legend, he dared to with his mind is not common, told the other end of a Columbus that are believed to be as the inventorof America. Read an article he wrote, will make readers rich new thinking that had never before it is often difficult. But, rather than it without flaws. There are several points that should be written here about the response from the article Zinn, namely:

First, he did not the presence of some references in the article.' From the discourse Speak Truth to Power with Books, there are some facts that should be given note where he get the information. Moreover, in academic writing that is identical to the evidence and the fact that it is clear in writing, this was worried big issues to be hosted by Zinn is not considered in academics. This reference is useful as proof amplifier facts that given by a post. In fact, there was a phrase that more and more capital, then the level truth more than others. This is meant to prevent information that was sent by mistake. Zinn only said that all big issues, started from their experience.

Second, the 'there is no definition about the discourse Speaking Truth to Power with Books itself.' Zinn give definitions in the discourse are not directly, but not implicit by giving examples how that is meant by 'power with books' itself. The definition by the author was considered very important, so that readers know the restrictions that can be discussed by the author. In addition, not all readers understand the intent of the author. For that reason, the definition would be very important for some people that the understanding is not the same with other people, for every one that translates the text is dependent on background (background) education, social, cultural and its ethnic so that they were named, native speaker English-speaking to better understand this article, but how with people who use English as a second language. Of course, this is it is more difficult than imagined. But they are Zinn remains a Howard Zinn. I'm inspiring and an activist who through his work to be able to restricted with magical ideas in presenting literary works with a different perspective.

Third, Zinn did not explain about who is the truth of discover America and also did not explain clearly and he did not give strong information in this article. It make as reader feel doubtful, because the information is not clear. He say that “Columbus the great discoverer, Columbus the pious Bible reader. To read about Columbus as a murderer, a torturer, a kidnapper, a mutilator of native people, a hypocrite, a greedy man looking for gold, willing to kill people and mutilate people.” He just want to know for many people in the world that Colombus has a bad aim for America.

These are some mistakes in this article Zinn, so I can be concluded that if they want to be a critic and critics. Because in this article, Howard Zinn did not show a good quality critics. He thought that change about Colombus but said he was also the damage. With the articles, all people can know about Howard Zinn and even the experts trace the nuts and bolts him, to know reasons for reasons that strong about an article he wrote. This is the trigger for the readership to which recognizes the job. Because he did not mention any inventor North. This is so big question mark, but after traced inventor America that truly namely Admiral Cheng Ho who is muslim. While Zinn is a jew. It's likely that this is a reason to not give know to the readers. In this view, Howard Zinn not headed critics as a good, because it is not in detail he explained about Colombus. He is only instigator and he just wanted to be seen is also to the reader. He is trigger appalling world that he was the most righteous in criticizing a Colombus.

Original historical facts about Columbus, figure who always called as the inventor America. It is time we align history, and we hope that a lesson in the school is no longer taught facts that spurious. There are many striking facts when the writers and researchers history reveals Columbus. Curious is based reality, that every year there is a specific day which is called “Colombus Day” as warning for his services so inventor of America. Some facts below can open our eyes and understand exactly truth a history, they are:

First, He didn’t prove that the Earth is round.

Actually, Columbus did not really looking for America. He sought a route which amounted to far east. He wanted to find a silk and spices and spices that valuable to bring back to Europe. Kids in school have long been taught that when Columbus set sail in 1492 to find a new route to the East Indies, it was feared he would fall off the edge of the Earth because people then thought the planet was flat. Nope. As early as the sixth century B.C., Pythagoras — later followed by Aristotle and Euclid — wrote about Earth as a sphere, and historians say there is no doubt that the educated in Columbus’s day knew quite well that the Earth was round. Columbus in fact owned a copy of Ptolemy’s Geography, written at the height of the Roman Empire, 1,300 years before Chris Columbus set sail. Several books published in Europe between 1200 and 1500 discussed the Earth’s shape, including “The Sphere,” written in the early 1200s, which was required reading in European universities in the 1300s and beyond. The big question for Columbus, it turns out, was not the shape of the Earth but the size of the ocean he was planning to cross.

Second, Columbus didn’t “discover” America — he never set foot in North America.

During four separate trips that started with the one in 1492, Columbus landed on various Caribbean islands that are now the Bahamas as well as the island later called Hispaniola. He also explored the Central and South American coasts. But he didn’t reach North America, which, of course, was already inhabited by Native Americans, and he never thought he had found a new continent. You may also remember that it is believed that Norse explorer Leif Erikson reached Canada. Perhaps 500 years before Columbus was born, and there are some who believe that Phoenician sailors crossed the Atlantic much earlier than that.

Third, Colombus was a brutal viceroy ^___ he made false story in American history

Many facts that are in fact about decay Colombus in American history. It was only intended to evil, to control the wealth gold, and so on. There are also said that the history Colombus is greatest massacres throughout the history of mankind, it has been proved that Columbus punish local clans, which is known as Taino, with rigor. He committed many residents and slaughter more and more, according to Ward Churchill, the former professor ethnic studies at the University of Colorado, until the year 1496, and identified populations have been reduced from eight million to around three million.

Some were killed immediately in place as a punishment 'crimes' for such as not to pay tribute to new owners. Many who could not be or not willing to pay their hands and then cut off and left to bleed to death. And his subordinates Columbus documented by history Las Casas, known as Brev'sima-n relaci, who did the suspension man in mass, the roasted on the beach, burning at stake and even cut off the children and gave it as dog food as a punishment for crimes with the least.

Colombus was a brutal viceroy. He has a strong mental to destroy American history and reveals false story about this history. This is tricking world, we have all been cheated and were caught as moderate Colombus that turned out to be very terrible. Those who will take the nation, now it is not called him as the inventor Americans but he destruction around the world. This is a mistake those are extremely severe in the history of the world.

CONCLUSION:

So, the conclusion of the discussion in the above is Zinn and Colombus, they were very influential in American history. If it is related Colombus who created a conflict history and trigger fiercest days, while Zinn who affects all people in the world through his writing. He just wanted to open facts about Colombus when he himself had a mistake so many controversy about himself, he also did not realize that we will be a mistake that he made themselves. They have purpose to pollute this history. The purpose Colombus go and there is no intention sailed for America, she had intended find for rape, murder, killing the nymph earth. While the purpose is purely Zinn he wants to express the fact about the crimes Colombus, but he did not tell more details about American history.

We as the literate already know about the violence a Zinn and Colombus. They want to flash a new idea that want to be seen good, so people in the world know about them. But now is inversely proportional, they are not the ones who flash a new idea but unfolding corruption scandal themselves. So much wider range of people already knows about this matter. There is no word history that affected communities and there is also a hero.

REFERENCE:

Tench, paul. Processes of Semogenesis in English Intonation. Cardiff University, Wales, UK. Download on Saturday 22 March 2014.

Zinn, howard. A people’s History of Unite State. 1492 present. Downlaod on Monday 10 March 2014

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2013/10/14/christopher-columbus-3-things-you-think-he-did-that-he-didnt/ download on Saturday 22 March 2014.

http://www.apakabardunia.com/2013/06/fakta-mengejutkan-tentang-columbus-dan.html download on Monday 24 February 2014.

http://forum.kompas.com/internasional/35050-pembantai-terbesar-sepanjang-sejarah-manusia-christopher-colombus.html download on Monday 24 February 2014.