Literacy: The Power of Ideology in History

Fitri Nurhelawati

14121330385

Pbi D/4

Literacy: The Power of Ideology in History

Introduction
            Lies, betrayal and hypocrisy howard make history in a very critical phase. History is increasingly coming into the middle of the gorge. This became evident the further degradation of ideology as a result of literacy. The article " Speaking Truth to Power with Books " howard Zinn did not lie about the cruelty of Columbus, Columbus crime he unmasked but Howard did not say about the real discoverer of the Americas, namely Muslims. In " Speaking Truth to Power with Books " he realized that history is very important to know, but in some of his work, he's the same as lying historians.

We can say that Howard is the enemy in the blanket, because he unmasked as if history, when he opened again a lie. In " Speaking Truth to Power with Books " he told me about the importance of books in opening one's mind, and he believes that history is important to tell the people. But in reality, he just said about history according to ideology alone, and he never showed proof of what he said. In fact, he closes the estate 's history. in fact, when someone dared to show his ideology in a history, it means that person has to have a basic, of ideology that he has been show, that the results of literacy and it can make our strong statement.

Let's see, in some versions, even Columbus was surprised, because he found the mosque on the continent. Columbus was an explorer and trader who crossed the Atlantic Ocean and to the continent of America on October 12, 1492 under the flag of Castilian Spain. He believes that the small spherical Earth, and believe that a ship to get to the Far East through the West. In fact, much earlier believed the Chinese people and the Muslims had set foot on the American continent.

He was born October 30, 1451 - passed away May 20, 1506 at the age of 54 years) was an explorer and trader from Genoa Italy, who crossed the Atlantic and came to the America on October 12, 1492. In many parts of the world had already known about the original historical facts about Columbus, figures which was always mentioned as the discoverer of the America. Therefore, every year there was a special day which was called "Columbus Day" as a memorial for his contribution as the discoverer of the America. The Columbus Day was first celebrated in 1792 in New York. 1792 was a sign of 300 years of the arrival of Columbus. Columbus Day became a national holiday in 1937. For many years, all over the world were affected by the history of America which stating that the great discoverer of the America was Christopher Columbus. The evidence from various historical literacy that was making the whole world believe how great the contribution of Columbus.

 Surprisingly again. However, instead of finding a rich trading regions in the East, Columbus and his crew discovered the New World that is America, and immediately began to beat and kill locals and remove the great wealth of the land. At the Howard stories, he did not include facts like this.

Summary  
            Howard Mostly just critique about the lie of Columbus but he also not honest about the real fact of the colombus history in America. Because maybe he is Jewish so, he not realy say the fact is that the Muslim people discover America. The sad he is John Cabot discover America.

The texts are communicative artefacts Lehtonen (2000). It can strengthen the third point Zinn’s opinion "Through books writers produced, until finally read by many people and ultimately implies how these writings can change a person from their paradigm, to life." Through text, an idea can be well communicated through reader’s mediator. In this way also was Howard changed many ideologies that have been formed through his writings.

Critique

            ( Howard Zinn was a radical historian, playwright, and activist. He wrote A People's History of the United States classic, " a brilliant and moving history of the American people, from their point of view has been largely omitted from most history, namely the radical. "
Departing from Howard disagreement in some book. Howard always said that historians consider their profession together with the cartographers. Cartographer ( historian ) intentionally simplify reality, showing the part that need, and discard the unimportant seen by them. Zinn then write a different version of history from the standpoint of the history of the people lose, aka the loser. For example, when he tells the story of the discovery of America from the perspective of the Indians Arawaks, of the Civil War as experienced by the Irish in New York, about the first World War seen from the Socialist party, and of the conquest of the Philippines by black soldiers in Luzo.

            When distortion or effects cartographers technical nature, then the effect is the effect of ideological historians. In the words of Zinn, any particular emphasis in the writing of history would support an interest. Can be political, economic, racial or national. But unfortunately in the historical narrative, this effect is not as bright as in the writing of the map. Historian writes as if any reader has a single common interest. The particular writers seemed to forget that the production of knowledge is a tool of combat in the antagonism between social classes, races, nations or peoples.

            This is harsh criticism of Samuel Elliot Morrison Zinn at the Harvard historian who wrote the seminal book Christopher Columbus, Mariner. True, not the least Morison lying about atrocities Columbus. He even called the sailors have committed genocide on Indian Arawaks. However, Zinn wrote, the facts listed on one page later he is buried in hundreds of other pages that exalts the greatness of the sailors. The decision to better tell a heroism and neglect the fact of genocide suppression occurs in Arawaks Indians is not a technical requirement mapmaker style, but purely ideological choice. An ideological choice to justify what has happened, concluded Zinn.

            If Morison is a politician and not a scholar, this ideological choice would not be so serious. But precisely because of this fact is told by an intellectual, so the implication is so deadly. We are taught as a moral imperative that sacrifice, even so inhumane, it is necessary for progress. Morison said calmly as if that really was a massacre on ethnic Arawaks, but little fact was not comparable to the service and heroism of Columbus for us. Sense is then reproduced in the classroom teaching of history, and the student handbook.

As a radical historian, Howard always considered a historical importance, as said by Howard: :
" History is important. If you do not know history it is as if you were born yesterday. And if you were born yesterday, anybody upthere in a position of power can tell you anything, and you have no way of checking up on it ".

“My viewpoint, in telling the history of the United States, is different: that we must not accept the memory of states as our own. Nations are not communities and never have been, The history of any country, presented as the history of a family, conceals fierce conflicts of interest ( sometimes exploding, most Often repressed ) between conquerors and conquered, masters and slaves, capitalists and workers, dominators and dominated in race and sex. And in such a world of conflict, a world of Victims and Executioners, it is the job of thinking people, as Albert Camus suggested, not to be on the side of the Executioners.” ( Howard Zinn )

In the above statement Howard look like a hero, but in reality Howard together with other historians, who have played their ideology with their existing literacy.
The first chapter of the book is very confessional, and on page 11 of 729 pages the People's History he writes :

If history is to be creative, to anticipate a possible future without denying the past, it should I believe, emphasize new possibilities by disclosing those hidden episodes of the past when, even if in brief flashes, people Showed their ability to resist, to join together, occasionally to win. I am supposing, or perhaps only hoping , that our future may be found in the past 's fugitive moments of compassion rather than in its solid centuries of warfare. That , being as blunt as I ca , is my approach to the history of the United State . The reader may as well know that before going on .

However , the practice of literacy in the formation of ideology in the history plays an important role, because in fact literacy improves one's thinking. Literacy also develop our own thinking with all aspects of it. Kern ( 2003) : Refers to literacy " learnedness and general familiarity with the literature ". Model literacy ala Freebody and Luke ( 2003) : breaking the codes of texts, participating in the meanings of the text, using texts functionally, critically analyzing and transforming texts. Then also explained that Prof. Alwasilah five paragraphs summarize the above becomes: understand, use, analyze, transform. We also need to know that the referral literacy continues to evolve .

A teacher in California admonished in a letter sent to him. Just to learn the facts about Columbus could cause a revolution in the thinking of a person. Hitler wrote in his autobiography that if a lie is repeated continuously, the human mind will believe it. Lie was received as truth ( Krishna, Anand. ( 2012). Neo Spiritual Hypnotherapy. York: Scholastic Press ).

According Key Hyland (2006 ) on Lyiteracy,

• literacy is something we do.

• Hamilton (1998 ) cited in Hyland ( 2006:21 ) see literacy as a placement activity in the interaction between people.

• Hyland further argues that emphasizes academic literacy in the way we use language, the source for literacy in practice patterns by social intuition and strong relationship.

History exists because there is immortalize, record especially with write, this is all of course by those who are able to manipulate the history of literacy so well that it can be formed. however seemingly that affect literacy effect on one's ideology in building history.
People who literati not only able to express his opinion, their views on one side alone, but must also include the ideology of the facts as well. This shows that what we write or produce not been fixated on the ideology alone.

 Fowler (1996 : 10 ): "Like the critical historian linguist aims to¡ understand the values ​​the which underpin social, economic, and political formations, and diachronically, changes in values ​​and changes in formaitons.

 Fowler (1996 : 12 ): " Ideology is of course both a medium and an instrument of historical processes . “

 "The history of every country is always written as a family history of chronic conceal a conflict of interest between the conquerors and the losers, masters and slaves, capitalists and workers, as well as the dominator and the dominated. And in a world full of conflict, a world of victims and executioners, it is the task of those who think as Albert Camus suggested, not to take sides on the side of the executioners! "These words which I have translated Zinn on page 10 of his book to explain the writing standpoint different history. Henry Kissinger who wrote that history is ' memory of states ' in his book A World Restored should bite the fingers. For Zinn rejected the version history of a country that tends to bleed into the story swept under the carpet folds.

Conclusion

So we can see, in every historical ideology can not fully trust. The people who make the intellect only manipulating their ideology, without thinking about the fact. For people who understand reality, Howard is too arrogant, when told that the historian always depict the history does not match the facts. There are interesting when we actually can throw a similar critique on Zinn. That he was taking an ideological choice in the writing of history, the fact that it emphasizes the fact that he likes and skip the others. In fact, Howard also did not tell the truth about American history. Of Muslims who came before John Cabbot and Columbus.
So what's the difference he Morison and other historin? Zinn is actually nothing more than a boxer from a different ring. If Morison wrote of glasses winner, Zinn was the mouthpiece of the losers.

 Another thing about Howard, on some strong statement Howard does not include some references, Zinn just say at the end of his book that he told all based on the experience of teaching and of the books which he lists at the end of the page. Perhaps this is what makes it not been seriously considered in academic circles. This clearly shows that Howard just use any ideological reason. when he dared to show our ideology, means we have to have the basic ideology of our literacy results.

            However if we look at the tradition of writing a reference, this is actually a relatively new thing because in a book written about the crusade of Henry Treece, and he also does not use any reference. The book marked the 1960s. Howard might get into the old school class. "Even when we don't "win," there is fun and fulfillment in the fact that we have been involved, with other good people, in something worthwhile. We need hope. .....To be hopeful in bad times is not just foolishly romantic. It is based on the fact that human history is a history not only of cruelty but also of compassion, sacrifice, courage, kindness."

(The Optimism of Uncertainty By Howard Zinn, September 2, 2004)

That was Howard Zinn proud yet motivated. Inspirational writer and activist who firmly bypass road Less Travelled by.

Reference

http://wahw33d.blogspot.com/2010/12/christopher-columbus-sang-spembantai.html#ixzz2vTLGO1cL

http://jakartabeat.net/kolom/konten/howard-zinn-dan-sejarah-orang-orang-kalah

( Krishna, Anand. ( 2012). Neo Spiritual Hypnotherapy. York: Scholastic Press ).

[Ken_Hyland]_Teaching_and_Researching_Writing_(2nd(BookFi.org)